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Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek, OBE, GM, Croix de guerre ((:krɨˈstɨna ˈskarbɛk); 1 May 1908〔"Perhaps appropriately for a secret agent, the deceptions and confusions that surround Christine's life start with her birth.... In fact () arrived in the world on Friday 1 May 1908." C. Mulley, ''The Spy Who Loved'', 2012, p. 1.〕〔In January 1941, when Britain's ambassador to Budapest, Sir Owen O'Malley, produced passports in false names for Skarbek and her partner Andrzej Kowerski, the two Poles chose the names "Christine Granville" and "Andrew Kennedy". Skarbek "took the opportunity to knock seven years off her age. From then on () would always give 1915 as her birth year." C. Mulley, ''The Spy Who Loved'', 2012, pp. 100-101.〕〔Jan Larecki, ''Krystyna Skarbek: agentka o wielu twarzach'' (''Krystyna Skarbek: Agent with Many Faces''), 2008, pp. 31, 123.〕 – 15 June 1952), also known as Christine Granville,〔Clare Mulley, ''The Spy Who Loved'', 2012, p. 1.〕 was a Polish agent of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. She became celebrated especially for her daring exploits in intelligence and irregular-warfare missions in Nazi-occupied Poland and France. She became a British agent months before the SOE was founded in July 1940 and was one of the longest-serving of all Britain's wartime women agents. Her resourcefulness and success have been credited with influencing the organization's policy of recruiting increasing numbers of women.〔Marcus Binney, ''The Women Who Lived for Danger'', pp. 4–5.〕 In 1941 she began using the ''nom de guerre'' Christine Granville, a name which she legally adopted upon naturalisation as a British subject in December 1946.〔C. Mulley, ''The Spy Who Loved'', pp. 3, 287, 333.〕 ==Early life== Skarbek was born in 1908 in Warsaw,〔Four different places have been cited as her birthplace. According to Larecki, her true birthplace was the home of her Goldfeder grandparents at ulica Zielna 45 in Warsaw. Larecki, ''Krystyna Skarbek'', pp. 32–34.〕 to Count Jerzy Skarbek,〔It has been alleged that her father's branch of the Skarbek family had not obtained confirmation of the title of count in the 19th century from the Russian Imperial court. Ronald Nowicki, "Krystyna Skarbek: a Letter", ''The Polish Review'', vol. L, no. 1 (2005), p. 100.〕 a Roman Catholic, and Stefania (née Goldfeder),〔The name "Goldfeder" is of German origin and translates into English as "Goldfeather."〕 the daughter of a wealthy assimilated Jewish family.〔C. Mulley, ''The Spy Who Loved'', p. 5.〕 Marrying Stefania in late December 1899, Jerzy Skarbek used her dowry (her father was a banker) to pay his debts and continue his lavish life-style.〔Madeleine Masson, ''Christine'', p. 3.〕 Notable relations included the composer Fryderyk Chopin, Chopin's godfather and prison reformer Fryderyk Skarbek, and United States Union General Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski.〔Jarosław Krawczyk, "''Wielkie odkrycia ludzkości. Nr 17''", ''Rzeczpospolita'', 12 June 2008.〕 The couple's first child, ''Andrzej'' (Andrew), took after the mother's side of the family. Krystyna, their second child, took after her father and his liking for riding horses, which she sat astride rather than side-saddle as was usual for women. She also became an expert skier during visits to Zakopane in the Tatra mountains of southern Poland. From the start, there was a complete rapport between father and daughter, who needed little encouragement to become a tomboy.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 7.〕 At the family stables Krystyna met Andrzej Kowerski, whose father had brought him over to play with ten-year-old Krystyna while he and her father, the Count, discussed agricultural matters.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 12.〕 The 1920s left the family in straitened financial circumstances, and they had to give up their country estate and move to Warsaw.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 17.〕 In 1930, when Krystyna was 22, Count Jerzy died. The Goldfeder financial empire had almost completely collapsed, and there was barely enough money to support the widowed Countess Stefania. Krystyna, not wishing to be a burden to her mother, worked at a Fiat car dealership, but soon became ill from automobile fumes and had to give up the job. At first she was thought, on the basis of shadows on her chest x-rays, to be suffering from tuberculosis, which had killed her father. She received compensation from her employer's insurance company and took her physicians' advice to lead as much of an open-air life as she could. She began spending a great deal of time hiking and skiing the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', pp. 20–21.〕 On 21 April 1930, Krystyna married a young businessman, Gustaw Gettlich at the Spiritual Seminary Church in Warsaw. They proved incompatible, and the marriage soon ended without rancor. A subsequent love affair came to naught when the young man's mother refused to consider the penniless divorcée as a potential daughter-in-law.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', pp. 22-23.〕 One day, on a Zakopane ski slope, Krystyna lost control and was saved by a giant of a man who stepped into her path and stopped her descent. Her rescuer was Jerzy Giżycki, a brilliant, moody, irascible eccentric, who came from a wealthy family in Ukraine. At fourteen, he had quarrelled with his father, run away from home, and worked in the United States as a cowboy and gold prospector. He eventually became an author and travelled the world in search of material for his books and articles. He knew Africa well and hoped one day to return there.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 24.〕 On 2 November 1938, Krystyna and Giżycki married at the Evangelical Reformed Church in Warsaw.〔 Soon after he accepted a diplomatic posting to Ethiopia, where he served as Poland's consul general until September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland.〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 32.〕 Skarbek later said of Giżycki: "He was my Svengali for so many years that he would never believe that I could ever leave him for good."〔M. Masson, ''Christine'', p. 104.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Krystyna Skarbek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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